Pakistan

Defense issues
Defense issues

The Strategic Use of Climate Vulnerabilities in Contemporary Conflicts: Modalities and Feedback Effects

This note from the Defence and Climate Observatory proposes to move beyond the dominant debates on the climate-conflict nexus focusing on the role of climate change as a direct or indirect factor in conflicts, by concentrating on the interaction between climate issues and conflict dynamics. It analyses case studies of contemporary conflicts to understand how climate vulnerabilities are used as a strategic lever in conflict contexts, within a continuum of instrumentalisation-arsenalisation (I), the environmental damage caused by conflicts, also instrumentalised by the belligerents, and their security and strategic implications (II). Finally, the note proposes three forward-looking scenarios, accompanied by strategic recommendations for the French Ministry of the Armed Forces (III).  

19 November 2025
Human security issues
Human security issues

Study Report n°12 – South Asia

This study report (RA12) of the Defense and Climate Observatory presents the elements collected on five South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It is organized according to the format inaugurated by the RA4, by proposing five country sheets headed by a regional analysis highlighting the vulnerabilities and cross-cutting challenges, the commonalities and differences.

10 February 2020